A multidisciplinary team of biologists and gerontologists analyzes the mechanisms underlying aging, focusing on telomere shortening, oxidative damage, and genetic mutations. They review cellular senescence pathways and lifestyle interventions—such as nutrition, exercise, and stress management—highlighting their cumulative impact on healthspan extension and disease prevention.

Key points

• Telomere attrition drives cellular senescence, measured by progressive telomere shortening in dividing cells.
• Oxidative stress from metabolic byproducts damages DNA and proteins, quantified via reactive oxygen species assays in model organisms.
• Lifestyle interventions—nutritional balance, exercise, and stress reduction—reduce age-related disease risk by 15–30% in epidemiological studies.

Why it matters: Understanding active interventions against aging underscores a shift toward preventive, science-based strategies to extend healthy human lifespan.